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While writing the medieval section of the Bloomsbury World Encyclopedia of Embroidery, vol. 4, Scandinavian and Western European Embroidery, I came across an article by Christine Sciacca (2010), ‘Stitches, sutures, and seams: “Embroidered” parchment repairs in medieval manuscripts’, in: (eds) Robin Nethertong and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, Medieval Clothing and Textiles, Vol. 6, Woodbridge: the Boydell Press, pp. 57- 92.

A parchment gap strengthened and decorated with open buttonhole stitch with Cretan stitch, which are worked in pink and yellow silk threads (Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek / Cod. 22 – Gregorius M., Moralia in Job, t. III / f. 54r).

Following our earlier blog about the medieval embroidered bags in the collection of the Sens Museum, France, we have had a request for more details about a small, knitted bag that appears to date from the 13th century.

Medieval knitted bag in silk and metal thread (Sens Museum, B323, 13th century).

Fragment of linen with an embroidered design in red, green and purple wool. Egypt, 5th-6th century AD (TRC 2000.0014). The cloth probably came from a child's tunic that had imitation woven bands and squares typical for Coptic period Egyptian dress.On the 18th June we published a first blog about the TRC plans of setting up a portal for embroidery stitches. In this blog we want to continue along this theme and outline in more detail the plans and context of the proposed project, of which the Portal is an essential element.

In addition to all its many other interests the TRC Leiden is very active in the field of embroidery, as emphasized by the Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of World Embroidery, supported by the TRC. The TRC is doing so with the deliberate intention of building up an international centre for the study of embroidery.

The history of embroidery can be traced back via the oldest known examples, namely those found in the tomb of the famous pharaoh Tutankhamun, who died in about 1322 BC, and we may assume that the craft of embroidery is much older. It is used and worn by kings, queens, merchants, bishops, nobility, as well as ‘ordinary’ men, women and children.

During our recent trip to France we spent several days with Luc Aujame and his wife, Joanne, in their lovely farmhouse just outside of Lyon. Part of the visit was social, but there was also a more serious element, namely to pick up a collection of garments and textiles that they offered to the TRC Leiden as a donation nearly three years ago – namely just before Covid hit.

Jacket made from off-white, felted woollen cloth decorated around the neck and front opening, shoulder seam and sleeve hems with brown stripes. Nuristan, Afghanistan, 1960s (TRC 2022.1942).

There are 69 items in the Aujame donation, which mainly come from Afghanistan, but there are also some Indian and South American items, reflecting the travels and work of the Aujame family. More specifically, the various Afghan pieces were acquired, in fact, by Luc’s parents, Roger Aujame (1922-2010) and Edith Schreiber Aujame (1919-1998), in the early 1960s. Roger Aujame was an architect and both he and his wife were for many years involved with the UN. Between 1961-1965 they were based in Kabul.

The last few months have seen various textile and garment donations to the TRC Leiden, including Indonesian and Philippine items. The Indonesian textiles are particularly fascinating because of their origins and backgrounds.

Ikat cloth from Bali (Ubud), Indonesia, 1960-1980, with stripes of varying widths, some in dark blue, others with ikat created stylised floral, foliage and abstract shapes in white, red and blue (TRC 2022.1471).

Some of the pieces were purchased or given to Dutch officials and their families in the 1920s and constitute an intrinsic part of Dutch colonial history. They include the items given by the Ottow family (click here). Many of the items represent presents, household pieces, as well as clothing that a member of the family, Thecla Caspari, actually wore when she was in Indonesia with her husband, who was the Dutch assistant-resident in Atjeh, Sumatra.

Detail of Ikat cloth that is decorated with stripes of various widths with geometric and abstract shapes in off-white, dark red and black on a black ground. Flores, Indonesia, 1950-1980 (TRC 2022.0857).

In contrast, the making of deliberate collections is represented by the Zant and Spée donations, but again with two very different backgrounds and reasons. The Zant Collection was put together during the Zant family’s many trips to Indonesia, with the specific aim of personally collecting ikats from the main (and lesser known) islands of Indonesia where this type of cloth is traditionally produced. This collection will form the basis of the TRC’s Ikat reference and identification collection that is currently being developed by Kelly Wong, an Amsterdam University intern at the TRC.

Batik cotton cloth from Java, Indonesia, mid-20th century, with a black, brown and off-white design including stylised flowers and quatrefoils (TRC 2018.2883).

We have just had several questions as a result of our trip to Sens Museum. One was whether I could give more information about the medieval bags we saw, and the other was about how to tell the difference between a woven and embroidered textile and can the use of a Dino-lite microscope help with this? In this blog I will have a look at the bags, the weave/stitch question will come later.

Small embroidered bag with the depiction of a fish, 13th century. Sens Museum (B321).

We were in Cluny in central France the other day and although I knew the Benedictine abbey was an important medieval religious and cultural centre, I had not realised just how big the whole complex was.

Piece of woven silk with a design of roundels enclosing cockerels. Iranian, 4th/6th century (?)

Studying the relics of St Thomas Becket in Sens Museum (photograph Willem Vogelsang).We have just spent a lovely two days in Sens, just southeast of Paris. It’s a medieval city (with Roman remains) and well worth a visit. More importantly, from my (unbiased) point of view, Sens Museum, next to the cathedral, has one of the best collections of medieval textiles in this part of Europe!

All of which is thanks to being home to many items from Sens Cathedral (the current cathedral dates from 1135, but it is built on a much older complex). They include many finds from medieval tombs inside the cathedral, such as burial shrouds, as well as other remains such as altar furnishings of various types, reliquary coverings and bags made of cloth.

The textiles include both woven and embroidered forms from Iran, Byzantium, as well as Italy, Spain and northwestern Europe. It even houses a small, knitted bag with an Arabic text that probably dates to about the 13th century!