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Machine embroidered cigarette silk with a pair of birds, set within a heart. The birds are worked in ombré or shaded threads (1920-1930, TRC 2021.2473h).We have just had a question about the colour of yarns and in particular: when is a yarn ombré, shaded or variegated?

By coincidence, these differences can be clearly seen in a recent donation to the TRC Collection of some Dutch cigarette silks (zijdjes) from the 1920s to the early 1930s (see the blog).

Ombré (French: ‘shadowed’) and shaded are the same, and it occurs when a yarn or cloth is dyed so that it includes gradated shades of the same colour. So it may go from dark pink to light pink and back again. The two birds in the TRC Blog about cigarette silks were machine embroidered using shaded threads in various hues of blue and orange (TRC 2021.2473h).

American quilt with the Cactus Basket pattern, timespan quilt, from late 19th century (TRC 2018.3127).Over the last few months the TRC Leiden has been working with The Quilt Index (USA) to add the TRC's quilt collection to their website. This work has been carried out by Beverley Bennett, a TRC volunteer and an enthusiastic and very knowledgeable quilter. The following blog was written by Beverley.

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The Quilt Index is an open access, digital repository of thousands of images, stories and information about quilts and their makers drawn from hundreds of public and private collections around the world. The Quilt Index is a digital humanities research and education project of The Matrix: The Center for Digital Humanities & Social Sciences at Michigan State University

There are literally thousands of quilts to be discovered on their website, along with essays, stories, journals, even lesson plans.

Machine embroidered cigarette silk with a pair of birds, set within a heart, 1920s-1930s (TRC 2021.2473h).A few weeks ago the TRC in Leiden was given a wide range of textiles and garments that came from the collection of Joop and May Hobijn-Roth (for a blog on the donation, click here). We have been slowly putting all these items online.

As part of the donation we were given a plastic bag with hundreds of textile patches, of various cloth types and made with different production techniques. Some of them I could place, but the majority were ‘just’ patches, but why so many and so diverse?

A little research has revealed that they are all cigarette silks, also known as premiums or inserts. Cigarette cards made from paper date from the 1870s and were produced by various cigarette companies to encourage people to buy specific tobacco products. The textile silks, however, are later and date from the 1910s onwards. The examples we have been given are actually Dutch in origin and were locally called zijdjes (lit. ‘little silks’). They were all probably produced for Turmac, the Turkish Macedonian Tobacco Company based in Zevenaar, Gelderland, in the east of the Netherlands.

On the 6th August there was a Study Day at the TRC on the topic of Indian an Pakistani embroidery. It quickly became apparent that these two countries are truly extraordinary centres for hand embroidery in all manners and forms.

An example of Agra ‘garden’ embroidery using silk and semi-precious gems, date: 2017 (TRC 2017.2786).

A relevant theme that is often explored at the TRC is how important trade and other dynamics across history have promoted the development of hand embroidery. One would obviously and immediately think of the Silk Road, colonial influences or even grand power structures such as the Mughal Empire when we discuss how textiles, skills and styles travelled across and towards the subcontinent, but these are far from being the only notable dynamics in this field.

Photograph of a young woman wearing a so-called lange cap (long cap) from the Rijnland region, c. 1888 (TRC 2021.2439f). The photograph was taken by Abraham Koorenhoff from Leiden.Rijnland is the name for part of the Netherlands that lies around the ancient city of Leiden. It used to have a special dress tradition, marked by lace caps for women.

Last week I was wondering how to present an exhibition on Rijnland caps and the women wearing them, and would we find that elusive rode draad (‘red thread’ in Dutch, which is appropriate for a textile tale) to hold the story together? We put out a call for help and the response has already been very fruitful. We now have many different aspects we can and will pursue, in fact there are enough potential stories to make a booklet, as well as a small exhibition!

What has happened? Well, thanks to the generosity, for example, of Nel de Wit, we have been given a photo album with images dating from the late nineteenth century, all of them, so it appears, showing men and women from the Van den Akker family from Zoeterwoude and beyond, just to the east of Leiden. Nel de Wit grew up on the farm Cronesteyn, near Lammenschans, and the farm is still there, now being used as a health centre. Her mother, Marijtje de Wit, née Rijnsburger, was born in Weipoort, a small village now part of Zoeterwoude. The images include people with a wide variety of ages, wearing Sunday best outfits, but also daily forms and dress for wearing when in mourning, not to mention men in regional and urban dress and in military uniform. Some of these people are named and it has been possible to identify them.

While increasingly well-known for innovative fashion design, Africa is usually not the first place that comes to mind for embroidery. In fact, some researchers talk about an African “embroidery belt”—a narrow area in the approximate middle of the continent, running from the west coast to the east, where embroidery is practiced.

Participants of the study day on sub-Saharan embroidery look at a pictorial panel produced by the Sabane Kabuye workshop in Rwanda (TRC 2021.0500a). Photograph by Augusta de Gunzbourg.

The participants in the TRC’s first study day on sub-Saharan embroidery now know differently. Many styles of embroidery can be found throughout the continent, with some 93 different stitches and stitch combinations identified—including some 15 stitches that have not been seen outside of the continent.

Photograph taken in Leiden by A. Koorenhoff, Leiden, of a woman in Rijnland dress, ca. 1880, We are currently researching a mini-exhibition about Rijnland lace caps that were mainly worn in the region between Gouda and Katwijk-aan-Zee, including Leiden and the region around the city, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. These caps come in a variety of forms, depending on whether the wearer was going to church, was in mourning, wealthy or not (such as a farm labourer or a merchant’s wife).

In addition, we want to look at the various techniques used to decorate these caps, including bobbin lace, hand embroidered tulle (net), machine made forms and indeed the various types of designs associated with Rijnland caps.

We are also looking for examples of caps, the relevant jewellery (especially oorijzers), and for old illustrations and photographs of women wearing this type of headwear. In addition, we are looking for the stories behind the caps! Who wore them, when, why, what did the women think about these caps, why did they stop wearing them? In fact any details, small or large. If you have any information or indeed examples you are willing to donate to the TRC Leiden, please let me know at Dit e-mailadres wordt beveiligd tegen spambots. JavaScript dient ingeschakeld te zijn om het te bekijken.

Gillian Vogelsang, 1 August 2021

One of the panels of the Scottish Diaspora Tapestry (2012-2014), showing the cistern in Veere, Zeeland, built for the Scottish wool traders in AD 1551.In TRC Needles, our online encyclopedia of needlework, you will find a brief entry on the Scottish Diaspora Tapestry, a commemorative embroidery first shown to the public in Prestonpans, Scotland, in May 2014. It tells about the emigration of Scottish people throughout the centuries. The embroidery also includes scenes that reflect Scottish links with a small town in Zeeland, in the southwest of the Netherlands, called Veere.

Last weekend, when Gillian and I had gone on another textile trip, we visited Veere, along the northern shores of the former island of Walcheren.

Not everyone has seen the Scottish Diaspora Tapestry, and therefore not many may know that there was a fairly large Scottish community in Veere for hundreds of years. Many of them were involved in the wool and fleece trade. By the mid-16th century, there were some 400 Scots among about 3500 locals. They had their own laws, church, and cemetery.